Retraction, Correction and Withdrawal Policy

The Journal of Global Economy (JGE) is committed to maintaining the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of the scholarly record. The journal recognizes that errors, ethical concerns, or other circumstances may occasionally require an article to be corrected, withdrawn, or retracted.

JGE considers such matters carefully and takes appropriate action based on the nature and seriousness of the issue.

1. Withdrawal Before Publication

A manuscript may be withdrawn before publication by the authors or by the journal in appropriate circumstances.

Authors who wish to withdraw a manuscript should submit a request to the Editor with a clear reason for withdrawal.

A manuscript may also be withdrawn by the journal where, for example:

• it is found to have been submitted simultaneously to another journal;
• substantial plagiarism or duplicate publication is identified;
• serious ethical concerns arise;
• the manuscript contains serious errors that cannot reasonably be corrected during revision;
• the authors fail to respond to essential editorial or ethical queries; or
• other circumstances make continued consideration inappropriate.

Withdrawal of a manuscript before publication does not normally result in a withdrawal notice being treated as a published article.

2. Correction of Published Articles

JGE recognizes that genuine errors may occasionally be discovered after an article has been published.

A correction may be issued when an error does not invalidate the main findings, interpretation, or overall integrity of the article but nevertheless requires amendment to maintain an accurate scholarly record.

Corrections may relate, for example, to:

• factual or numerical errors;
• author or affiliation information;
• tables or figures;
• references or citations;
• typographical errors that materially affect meaning; or
• other information requiring clarification.

Where a correction is necessary, JGE will publish an appropriate correction notice and, where technically possible, link it clearly to the original article.

The original article should normally remain part of the scholarly record, with the correction clearly identified.

3. Retraction of Published Articles

A retraction may be considered when a published article is found to contain a serious problem that substantially affects the reliability, integrity, or validity of the scholarly record.

Possible reasons for retraction may include:

• substantial plagiarism;
• fabricated or falsified data or results;
• major methodological or analytical errors that invalidate the principal findings;
• substantial duplicate or redundant publication;
• serious ethical violations;
• fraudulent authorship or other significant publication misconduct;
• manipulation of the peer-review or publication process; or
• other circumstances that make the findings or publication record substantially unreliable.

Retraction is intended to correct the scholarly record and does not necessarily imply misconduct by every author of the article.

4. Retraction Procedure

When a credible concern is raised regarding a published article, the Editor-in-Chief or an appropriate member of the Editorial Team will assess the concern.

Where necessary, the journal may:

1. seek clarification or evidence from the authors;
2. consult reviewers, editors, or subject experts;
3. request relevant information from the authors' institution or other appropriate body; and
4. consider whether correction, expression of concern, or retraction is the appropriate response.

The journal will make reasonable efforts to provide the authors with an opportunity to respond before a retraction decision is made, except where immediate action is necessary to protect the integrity of the scholarly record.

5. Retraction Notice

Where an article is retracted, JGE will provide a clear retraction notice identifying the article and explaining, to the extent appropriate, the reason for the retraction.

The retraction should be clearly linked to the original article.

Where technically possible, the original article should remain accessible as part of the scholarly record but should be clearly marked as RETRACTED so that readers do not mistake it for a valid, unretracted publication.

6. Expression of Concern

In circumstances where a significant concern has been raised but an investigation has not yet been completed, JGE may publish an Expression of Concern.

An Expression of Concern may be appropriate where:

• there is credible evidence of a serious problem;
• an investigation is ongoing;
• relevant information is not yet available to the journal; or
• the circumstances require readers to be alerted while the matter is being assessed.

An Expression of Concern does not itself constitute a retraction. Following further investigation, the article may subsequently be corrected, retracted, or retained without further action.

7. Author Requests for Retraction

Authors may request retraction of their published article where they identify a serious problem affecting the reliability or integrity of the work.

Such a request will be considered by the Editor-in-Chief and Editorial Team. Retraction will not normally be carried out solely because authors have changed their opinion, because they are dissatisfied with the publication, or because the findings are unexpected or inconvenient.

Where a serious research or publication-integrity issue is involved, the journal may proceed with an appropriate editorial action even if one or more authors do not agree.

8. Changes in Authorship or Author Information

Requests to correct author names, affiliations, authorship order, or other author information after publication will be considered separately from scientific corrections and retractions.

Where a change in authorship is requested, the journal may require written agreement from the authors concerned and, where appropriate, supporting information from the relevant institution.

9. Conference Papers and Other Published Contributions

This policy also applies, as appropriate, to articles and other scholarly contributions published by JGE as part of conference proceedings, special issues, invited collections, or other publications.

The nature of the editorial or review process originally applied to a contribution does not prevent JGE from issuing a correction, expression of concern, or retraction when necessary to maintain the integrity of the published record.

10. Editorial and Publisher Responsibility

The Editor-in-Chief and Editorial Team are responsible for determining the appropriate editorial response to concerns relating to published material.

The Research Centre for Social Sciences (RCSS), as publisher of JGE, supports the journal in maintaining the integrity and continuity of the scholarly record.

Actions concerning correction, withdrawal, expression of concern, or retraction will be taken fairly, carefully, and with appropriate regard for confidentiality and due process.

11. Prevention of Misuse of Retraction

Retraction is a mechanism for correcting the scholarly record and should not be used simply because an article receives criticism, produces an unpopular conclusion, or conflicts with another researcher's findings.

The journal distinguishes between legitimate scholarly disagreement and circumstances that materially affect the reliability or integrity of a publication.