Pursuing Ideology or Conforming Reality: Why does Education Shift its Function from Equity to Competitiveness in the Era of Globalization?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1956/jge.v9i4.313Keywords:
globalization, neo-liberalism, human capital, social justice, educationAbstract
Facing the phenomenon of cultural reproduction, the state needs to adopt active policies to achieve the emancipative function of education – to free working class students from structural constraints. However, as globalization generates a considerable amount of capitalist profit, international competitiveness, addressed by neo-liberalism, replaces social justice so that the state focuses on the issue of human capital, mainly cultivated through education. For many researchers, this declination indicates that the state has become a tool to serve the interests of capitalists and thus contributes to social inequity. However, this essay argues that such criticism might overlook the influence of the material needs of people in the state. This individual need is able to fuse into a collective force, steering the state to join a global market in order to gain profit and, then, to improve life conditions, viewed as a crucial criterion for evaluating the degree of civilization of a given society. Therefore, this new context leaves education no choice but to adopt market logic, giving students competence for employability.
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Globalization & Social Change (pp. 198-211). Oxford: Oxford University
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Morrow, R.A. and Torres, C.A. (2000). The State, Globalization, and
Educational Policy. In N.C. Burbules and C.A. Torres (eds.),
Globalization and Education: Critical Perspectives (pp. 27-56). N.Y.:
Routledge.
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Work and Politics. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Offe, C.（1996）. Modernity and the State. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
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University Press.
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(eds.), Globalization and Education: Critical Perspectives (pp. 157-186).
N.Y.: Routledge.
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Economy: Privitization as Shifting the Target of Public Subsidy in Higher
Education. In R. Rhoads and C.A. Torres（eds.）, The University, State,
and Market（pp. 103-140）. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Rizvi, F. (2000). International Education and the Production of Global
Imagination. In H. Lauder, P. Brown, A. Dillabough and A.H. Halsey (eds.).
Education, Globalization and Social Change (pp.205-226). Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Rizvi, F. and Lingard, B. (2006). Globalization and the Changing Nature in the
OECD’s Educational Work. In H. Lauder, P. Brown, A. Dillabough and A.H.
Halsey (eds.). Education, Globalization and Social Change (pp.247-260).
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Robertson, S. Bonal, X. and Dale, R. (2006). GATS and the Education Service
Industry: the Politics of Scale and Global Reterritorialization. In H. Lauder,
P. Brown, J. Dillabough and A. Halsey (eds.). Education, Globalization &
Social Change (pp. 228-246). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Säfström, C.A. (2005). The European Knowledge Society and the Diminishing
State Control of Education: the Case of Sweden. Journal of Education
Policy, 20 (5), pp. 583-593.
Said, E. (2006). Orientalism Now. In H. Lauder, P. Brown, J. Dillabough and A.
Halsey (eds.). Education, Globalization & Social Change (pp.
138-142). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stiglitz, J.E. (2002). Globalization and Its Discontents. London: W.W. Norton &
Company.
Storey, J. (2003). Cultural Studies and the Study of Popular Culture (2nd
edition). Athens : The University of Georgia Press.
Torres, C.A.（2006）. Globalization and Higher Education in the Americas. In R.
Rhoads and C.A. Torres（eds.）, The University, State, and Market（pp.
3-38）. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Veblen, T. (1994). The Theory of the Leisure Class. N.Y.: Dover.
Wallerstein, I. (2004). World-Systems Analysis. London: Duke University
Press.
Willis, P. (1977). Learning to Labor: How Working Class Kids Get Working
Class Jobs. N.Y.: Columbia University Press.
Appadurai, A. (2006). Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural
Economy. In H. Lauder, P. Brown, J. Dillabough and A. Halsey (eds.).
Education, Globalization & Social Change (pp. 179-188). Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Ball (2006). Performativities and Fabrications in the Education Economy:
Towards the Performative Society. In H. Lauder, P. Brown, J. Dillabough
and A.H. Halsey. Education, Globalization & Social Change (pp. 692-701).
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Beck, U. and Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2006). Beyond Status and Class? In H.
Lauder, P. Brown, J. Dillabough and A. Halsey (eds.), Education,
Globalization & Social Change (pp. 143-151). Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Bell, D.（1976）. The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. N.Y.: Basic Books.
Berberoglu, B. (2003). Globalization of Capital and the Nation-State: Imperialism, Class Struggle, and the State in the Age of Global
Capitalism. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
Berger, P.L. (2000). Four Faces of Global Culture. In P. O’Meara, H.D.
Mehlinger and M. Krain (eds.), Globalization and the Challeges of a New
Century (pp. 419-427). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Bernstein, B. (1996). Pedagogy, Symbolic Control and Identity. London: Taylor
& Francis.
Bourdieu, P. (1993). The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and
Literature. Cambridge: Polity.
Blackmore, J.（2006）. Localization / Globalization and the Midwife State:
Strategic Dilemmas for State Feminism in Education. In H. Lauder, P.
Brown, J. Dillabough and A. Halsey (eds.), Education, Globalization &
Social Change (pp. 212-227). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bowles, S. and Gintis, H. (1976). Schooling in Capitalist America. London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Ceglowski, J. (2000). Has Globalization Created a Borderless World? In P.
O’Meara, H.D. Mehlinger and M. Krain (eds.), Globalization and the
Challeges of a New Century (pp. 101-111). Bloomington: Indiana
University Press.
Currie, J. （2004）. The Neo-Liberal Paradigm and Higher Education: A Critique
In J.K. Odin and P.T. Manicas（eds.）, Globaization and Higher Education（pp. 42-62）. Hawai: University of Hawai’s Press.
Dale, R. (2001). Shaping the Sociology of Education over Half-century. In J. Demaine (ed.). Sociology of Education Today. N.Y. Palgravee.
Dale, R. (2003). Globalization: A New World for Comparative Education? In J.
Schriewer (ed.), Discourse Formation in Comparative Education (2nd
revised edition)(pp. 87-110). Oxford: Peter Lang.
Drohan, M. and Freeman, A. (2000). English Rules. In P. O’Meara, H.D.
Mehlinger and M. Krain (eds.), Globalization and the Challeges of a New
Century (pp. 428-434). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Foucault, M. (1991). Disciple and Punish: the Birth of the Prison. London:
Penguin
Frieden. J. (2006). Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth
Century. N.Y.: Norton.
Giddens, A.（1990）. The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, California:
Stanford University Press.
Giddens, A. (2002). Runaway World: How Globalization Is Reshaping Our
Lives? London: Profile.
Heywood, A. (2003). Political Ideologies (3rd edition). Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Illich, I. (1973). Deschooling Society. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Lingard, B. (2000). It is and It Isn’t: Vernacular Globalization, Educational
Policy, and Restructuring. In N.C. Burbules and C.A. Torres (eds.),
Globalization and Education: Critical Perspectives (pp. 79-108). N.Y.:
Routledge.
Luhmann, N. (1995). Social Systems. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Lukács, G. (1971). History and Class Consciousness. London: Merliin.
Marcuse, H. (1964). One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of
Advanced Industrial Society. Boston: Beacon.
Marx, K.（1961）. Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts. In E. Fromm（ed.）.
Marx’s Concept of Man. N.Y.: Frederick Ungar.
McCarthy, C. and Dimitriadis, G. (2006). Governmentality and the Sociology of
Education: Media, Educational Policy, and the Politics of Resentment. In
H. Lauder, P. Brown, J. Dillabough and A.H. Halsey. Education,
Globalization & Social Change (pp. 198-211). Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Morrow, R.A. and Torres, C.A. (2000). The State, Globalization, and
Educational Policy. In N.C. Burbules and C.A. Torres (eds.),
Globalization and Education: Critical Perspectives (pp. 27-56). N.Y.:
Routledge.
Offe, C.（1985）. Disorganized Capitalism: Contemporary Transformations of
Work and Politics. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Offe, C.（1996）. Modernity and the State. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Olssen, M. (2006). Neoliberalism, Globalization, Democracy: Challenges for
Education. In H. Lauder, P. Brown, J. Dillabough and A.H. Halsey.
Education, Globalization & Social Change (pp. 261-288). Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Olssen,M. Codd, J. and O’Neill, A.（2004）. Education Policy: Globalization,
Citizenship and Democracy. London: Sage.
Parsons, T. (1951). The Social System. London: Tavistock.
Popkewitz, T. (2000). Reform as the Social Administration of the Child: Globalization of Knowledge and Power. In N.C. Burbules and C.A. Torres
(eds.), Globalization and Education: Critical Perspectives (pp. 157-186).
N.Y.: Routledge.
Rhoades, G. and Slaughter, S.（2006）. Academic Capitalism and the New
Economy: Privitization as Shifting the Target of Public Subsidy in Higher
Education. In R. Rhoads and C.A. Torres（eds.）, The University, State,
and Market（pp. 103-140）. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Rizvi, F. (2000). International Education and the Production of Global
Imagination. In H. Lauder, P. Brown, A. Dillabough and A.H. Halsey (eds.).
Education, Globalization and Social Change (pp.205-226). Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Rizvi, F. and Lingard, B. (2006). Globalization and the Changing Nature in the
OECD’s Educational Work. In H. Lauder, P. Brown, A. Dillabough and A.H.
Halsey (eds.). Education, Globalization and Social Change (pp.247-260).
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Robertson, S. Bonal, X. and Dale, R. (2006). GATS and the Education Service
Industry: the Politics of Scale and Global Reterritorialization. In H. Lauder,
P. Brown, J. Dillabough and A. Halsey (eds.). Education, Globalization &
Social Change (pp. 228-246). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Säfström, C.A. (2005). The European Knowledge Society and the Diminishing
State Control of Education: the Case of Sweden. Journal of Education
Policy, 20 (5), pp. 583-593.
Said, E. (2006). Orientalism Now. In H. Lauder, P. Brown, J. Dillabough and A.
Halsey (eds.). Education, Globalization & Social Change (pp.
138-142). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stiglitz, J.E. (2002). Globalization and Its Discontents. London: W.W. Norton &
Company.
Storey, J. (2003). Cultural Studies and the Study of Popular Culture (2nd
edition). Athens : The University of Georgia Press.
Torres, C.A.（2006）. Globalization and Higher Education in the Americas. In R.
Rhoads and C.A. Torres（eds.）, The University, State, and Market（pp.
3-38）. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Veblen, T. (1994). The Theory of the Leisure Class. N.Y.: Dover.
Wallerstein, I. (2004). World-Systems Analysis. London: Duke University
Press.
Willis, P. (1977). Learning to Labor: How Working Class Kids Get Working
Class Jobs. N.Y.: Columbia University Press.
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Published
28.12.2013
How to Cite
Chiang, T.- hui (2013) “Pursuing Ideology or Conforming Reality: Why does Education Shift its Function from Equity to Competitiveness in the Era of Globalization?”, Journal of Global Economy, 9(4), pp. 249–262. doi: 10.1956/jge.v9i4.313.
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